MOTS-c
Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c
Mitochondria-derived peptide that improves insulin sensitivity and exercise capacity in mice — human data are minimal.
Not FDA-approved. Not approved. WADA-prohibited. Placed on FDA list of bulk substances raising safety concerns for compounding (2023). This page describes research and public discussion; it is not a recommendation to use.
Overview
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Mouse studies show it acts as an ‘exercise mimetic’ that prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Human research is limited to observational measurements and an early-phase analogue program.
Mechanism of action
Activates AMPK via the folate cycle/AICAR pathway and can translocate to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate gene expression.
Benefits & evidence ratings
Dosing
Doses show what has been studied or discussed — not guidance. Always follow your prescriber.
| Source | Dose | Frequency | Duration | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No validated human dose C Preliminary research No controlled human dosing data exist for this indication. | Not established | — | — | — |
Online protocols D Anecdotal / community | ~5–10 mg | 1–3× weekly | 4–8 weeks | Subcutaneous |
Clinical trials & studies
- Animal2015The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis (Cell Metabolism)
Discovery paper; AMPK activation and obesity prevention in mice.
- Animal2021MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator (Nat Commun)
Improved physical performance in young and old mice.
Safety
Side effects
- Unknown in humans; injection-site reactions reported anecdotally
Contraindications
- Pregnancy
- Competitive sport
Interactions
- Unknown; theoretical additive effect with glucose-lowering drugs
Long-term safety
No human long-term data.
Regulatory status
Unapproved / research
Not approved. WADA-prohibited. Placed on FDA list of bulk substances raising safety concerns for compounding (2023).
FAQ
Commonly discussed alongside
Listing a combination does not mean it has been studied or is safe.
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