Oxytocin
Pitocin (IV)
Hypothalamic hormone approved for labour induction; intranasal social and sexual effects remain mixed.
Overview
Oxytocin is a 9-amino-acid hormone central to childbirth, lactation, and social bonding. IV oxytocin is a standard obstetric drug. Intranasal oxytocin has been studied in hundreds of trials for autism, social anxiety, and sexual function with inconsistent results.
Mechanism of action
Acts on oxytocin receptors in uterus, breast, and brain regions (amygdala, nucleus accumbens) involved in social salience and reward.
Benefits & evidence ratings
Dosing
Doses show what has been studied or discussed — not guidance. Always follow your prescriber.
| Source | Dose | Frequency | Duration | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Intranasal research protocols B Human clinical data | 24 IU (range 8–40 IU) | Single dose or twice daily | Single dose to 12 weeks | Intranasal |
Pitocin label A Established / approved | Titrated IV infusion (milliunits/min) | Hospital only | Labour | IV |
Clinical trials & studies
- RCT2021Intranasal oxytocin in autism — large RCT (NEJM)
No significant improvement in social functioning over 24 weeks.
- RCT2015Oxytocin and female sexual function (Muin et al.)
Intranasal oxytocin improved sexual function similarly to placebo.
Safety
Side effects
- Nasal irritation, headache
- Water retention/hyponatremia at high doses
- Uterine contractions — avoid in pregnancy
Contraindications
- Pregnancy (outside obstetric supervision)
- Hyponatremia
Interactions
- Prostaglandins — additive uterotonic effect
- Vasopressors
Long-term safety
Chronic intranasal safety beyond months is poorly characterized.
Regulatory status
FDA approved
IV/IM Pitocin FDA approved for obstetrics. Intranasal Syntocinon was withdrawn in the US; intranasal use is off-label/compounded.
FAQ
Commonly discussed alongside
Listing a combination does not mean it has been studied or is safe.